Cause of Preeclampsia

Pregnant women concerned with their health often search for the cause of preeclampsia. Unfortunately, doctors are unsure of exactly what is the cause of this pregnancy complication, but despite not knowing for certain, several theories have been brought to light.

Being diagnosed with preeclampsia is a cause for concern. Women with preeclampsia often suffer a number of signs and symptoms, including high blood pressure, swelling (edema), and rapid weight gain.

Preeclampsia is dangerous for both the mother and the baby. It can lead to premature birth and low birth weight for the baby, both which lead to other problems. Moms can experience a stroke, problems with kidney and liver function, blood clotting problems, and seizures. Death is a risk for both mom and baby, as approximately 76,000 deaths a year are attributed to preeclampsia. Luckily, death is a rare complication in the United States.

Doctors and researchers have worked hard to find a definite cause for the condition. However, one underlying cause has not been identified. Theories about the causes of preeclampsia include:

• Lack of blood flow to the uterus
• Blood vessel damage/problems
• Nutritional problems, including deficiencies of calcium, magnesium oxide, and vitamin B6
• High body fat (BMI of 30 or higher)
• Preexisting maternal medical conditions, such as kidney disease and autoimmune disorders
• Genetic factors (mothers, sisters, aunts, grandmothers who experienced preeclampsia)

While women can take some care to eat right and stay on top of any existing conditions, there really is no way to fully prevent preeclampsia. Proper prenatal care and check-ups are keys to staying ahead of the situation, although it can often present itself quickly, especially if signs and symptoms were not noticed earlier.

Leading researchers are working through clinical trials to find out what the exact cause is for preeclampsia. Current theories focus on finding particular proteins or molecules that lead to the condition. Whether the cause ends up being one factor or a combination of factors, it can lead to better treatment and possible prevention.

Less than 10 percent of pregnant women end up being diagnosed with preeclampsia. Despite not knowing exactly what causes preeclampsia, several common risk factors have been identified for women who are more likely to end up with the problem. These risk factors include:

• Prior pregnancy with preeclampsia
• Age (teen mom or mom with advanced maternal age)
• Twin, triplet, or other multiple gestations
• Family history
• First pregnancy
• History of diabetes, high blood pressure, or kidney disease

Women who have one or more risk factors should have their doctor monitor their blood pressure, weight, and protein in urine. Diagnosis often takes place after 20 weeks of pregnancy, although it can happen at any time. Early diagnosis is crucial for successful management of preeclampsia.

Related conditions to preeclampsia include eclampsia and HELLP Syndrome. Left untreated, preeclampsia in a severe form can lead to eclampsia. This is treatable, but may cause coma, brain damage, and death. A woman who has eclampsia may appear to have convulsions.

HELLP Syndrome (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and lowered blood platelets) may often present itself before symptoms of preeclampsia are noticed. It will affect the liver, stomach, and right shoulder. A small percentage of women with preeclampsia are diagnosed with HELLP.

No cure is available for preeclampsia other than delivery of the baby. Women who are around 36-37 weeks along or more will often be induced. Treatments such as medications and bed rest are usually prescribed to help control symptoms and keep them from getting worse.

Women with severe preeclampsia may be hospitalized. Additionally, babies under 36 weeks gestation may be delivered prematurely after steroids are used to help develop organs (especially lungs) more quickly.

Depending on the status of the baby, the delivery can be vaginal or by cesarean section.

Because no definite cause of preeclampsia has been identified, it is important for moms-to-be to keep in close contact with their physician. Women who have a high risk of developing preeclampsia should keep an eye out for symptoms so they can properly manage the condition under a doctor’s care.

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